INITIAL VISIT

Oral Cancer Screening
During a dental examination, your dentist can screen for pre cancerous changes in the oral tissues and thus help detect cancer at a stage when it can be more successfully treated. Your dentist checks your neck and oral tissues for lumps, masses, growths, red or white patches or recurring sore areas.

X-Rays
A complete set of X-rays is the first step in a thorough dental examination. We use the X-rays to find cavities between your teeth, tartar on the roots, worn-out fillings, receding bone levels caused by periodontal disease, and other conditions we cannot find with a clinical exam alone. Without X-rays, we wouldn't be able to detect these problems until they had become severe and caused serious damage.
      - The image to the right shows a hidden cavity. >>

Diagnosis
Sometimes, we can detect cavities just by looking at your teeth, but to find cavities in their early stages when they are very small, we use a dental explorer, X-rays and new laser technology called diagnodent. A dental explorer finds cavities on the surfaces of your teeth; the explorer catches or sticks in the tiny pits created by cavities. X-rays locate cavities between teeth where the explorer can't reach.
     - The image to the right shows a visible cavity. >>

Temporal Mandibular Joint (TMJ) Exam
Exam For The Following Symptoms

• Pain in or around the ear, sometimes spreading to the face.
• Tenderness of the jaw muscles.
• Clicking or popping noise when one opens or closes the mouth.
• Difficulty in opening one's mouth.
• Jaws that "get stuck" open
• Pain brought on by yawning, chewing or opening the mouth widely.
• Certain types of headaches or neck aches.

TEETH WHITENING

Do you want Zoom!?
The Zoom! Chair side Whitening System is a scientifically advanced tooth whitening procedure. It’s safe, effective and fast, very fast. In just over an hour your teeth will become dramatically whiter. Zoom! Chair side Whitening is ideal for anyone looking for immediate results. The convenience of Zoom! In comparison to days of wearing trays or strips, makes it the perfect choice for the busy individual.

Get ready for Zoom!
The Zoom! In-Office Whitening System will make your teeth dramatically whiter in a little over an hour. The procedure is simple. It begins with a short preparation to cover your lips and gums, leaving only your teeth exposed. The Zoom! Clinician then applies the proprietary Zoom! Whitening Gel, which was designed to be used with a specially designed light. The Zoom! light and gel work together to gently penetrate your teeth, breaking up stains and discoloration. With proper care your smile will sparkle for years.

Tune into Zoom!
Take your first step to feeling good, looking great and making a memorable impression every time you smile. You owe it to yourself!

Before	After

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is Zoom! tooth whitening?
A: Zoom! is a bleaching process that lightens discoloration of enamel and dentin.

Q: What causes tooth discoloration?
A: There are many causes. The most common include aging and consumption of staining substances such as coffee, tea, colas, tobacco, red wine, etc. During tooth formation, consumption of tetracycline, certain antibiotics or excessive fluoride may also cause a tooth discoloration.

Q: Who may benefit from tooth whitening?
A: Almost anyone. However, treatment may not be as effective for some as it is for others. Your dental professional can determine if you are a viable candidate for this procedure through a thorough oral exam, including a shade assessment.

Q: Do many people whiten their teeth?
A: More people than you might imagine. A bright sparkling smile can make a big difference for everyone. The Zoom! Chair side Whitening System makes it easier and faster than ever before.

Q: Is whitening safe?
A: Yes. Extensive research and clinical studies indicate that whitening teeth under the supervision of a dentist is safe. In fact, many dentists consider whitening the safest cosmetic dental procedure available. As with any tooth whitening product, Zoom! is not recommended for children under 13 years of age and pregnant or lactating women.

Q: How long do the results last?
A: By following the simple post whitening care instructions, your teeth will always be lighter than they were before. To keep your teeth looking their best, we recommend flossing, brushing twice daily, and occasional touch-ups with Zoom! Take-Home gel. These are professional formula products designed specially to keep your teeth their brightest. They are available only through your dental professional.

Q: How does the Zoom! In-Office System work?
A: The Zoom! light activated whitening gel’s active ingredients is Hydrogen Peroxide. As the Hydrogen Peroxide is broken down, oxygen enters the enamel and dentin, bleaching colored substances while the structure of the tooth is unchanged. The Zoom! light aids in activating the hydrogen peroxide and helps it penetrate the surface of the tooth. A study has shown that use of the Zoom! gel by 33% or more, giving an average improvement of eight shades.

Q: What does a patient experience during the Zoom! In-Office Procedure?
A: During the procedure, patients may comfortably watch television or listen to music. Many actually fall asleep. Individuals with a strong gag reflex or anxiety may have difficulty undergoing the entire procedure.

Q: How is exposure to the Zoom! light controlled?
A: The Zoom! procedure requires that all soft tissue in and around the mouth be protected. The clinician is required to monitor the procedure to insure any exposed skin or tissue is isolated and protected. Protective eyewear is required during the procedure.

Light sensitive individuals, including those undergoing PUVA therapy (Psoralen+UV Radiation) or other photo chemotherapy, or patients with melanoma, should not undergo the Zoom! in-office procedure. Also patients taking any light sensitive drugs or substances, whether over the counter, prescription or homeopathic, should consult their primary care physician prior to the procedure. Anyone who is not eligible for Zoom! Chair side Whitening for these reasons may be an excellent candidate for Zoom! Take-Home.

Q: How long does Zoom! Chair side Whitening take?
A: The complete procedure takes just over an hour. The procedure begins with a preparation period followed by one hour of bleaching. A five minute fluoride treatment completes the procedure. (A cleaning is recommended prior to the actual Zoom! whitening session.)

Q: Are there any side effects?
A: Sensitivity during the treatment may occur with some patients. The Zoom! light generates minimal heat which is the usual source of discomfort. On rare occasions, minor tingling sensations are experienced immediately after the procedure, but always dissipate.

A Note of Assurance
Tooth whitening is a well established procedure in cosmetic dentistry. Hydrogen Peroxide, the active agent in Zoom!, has been safely used for many years in the treatment of gums and other oral soft tissue.

The whitening process is effective on most discolored teeth. Darker stains, such as those caused by antibiotics, are more difficult to whiten. The degree of whiteness will vary from patient to patient, depending on the structure of the teeth.

If you have any questions, please ask your dental professional. Maximize your smile using the Zoom! Whitening System.

PERIODONTAL DISEASES

Your teeth are intended to last a lifetime – and they can, with proper care. This means thorough daily brushing, cleaning between the teeth, and regular professional cleanings to avoid periodontal diseases. Advanced periodontal diseases are a major cause of tooth loss in adults. But then can be prevented.

"Periodontal" comes from two Greek words that mean "around the tooth." There are several types of periodontal disease. All are started by a bacterial infection which attacks the gums, bone and ligaments that support the teeth and hold them in the jaw. Periodontal diseases are usually painless, and may develop slowly or progress quite rapidly. Unless you have regular dental checkups, you may not be aware you have a periodontal disease until your gums and bone have been so seriously damaged that tooth loss is inevitable.

More than half of all people over age 18 have at least the early stage of some type of periodontal disease. After age 35, about three out of four adults are affected by some form. However, periodontal diseases can occur at any age. Even children as young as five or six can have signs of some of these diseases.

To prevent periodontal diseases, you need to understand what causes them, practice good oral health habits and seek regular professional care.

Causes of Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal diseases are caused by certain types of bacteria in plaque, the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. These bacteria create toxins (poisons) which irate the gums and result in a break down of the attachment of gum tissues to teeth. Over time, these toxins can destroy gum tissues, allowing the infection to progress to bone loss.

In addition, plaque that is not removed can combine with other materials and harden into a rough, porous deposit called calculus (tartar). Calculus on the tooth surface, above the gum line, may not contribute to periodontal diseases; but calculus on the root surface, below the gums, makes removal of the new plaque and bacteria more difficult. Unlike plaque, which you can remove, only a dentist or dental hygienist can remove calculus.

Types of Periodontal Diseases
While there are many forms of gingival and periodontal diseases, the most common types are gingivitis and adult periodontitis:

Gingivitis is the earliest stage, and affects only the gum tissue. At this stage, the disease is still reversible. If not treated, however, it may lead to a more severe condition.

Periodontitis is the more advanced stage of periodontal diseases. The gums, bone and other structures that support the teeth become damaged. Teeth can become loose and fall out – or may have to be removed. At this stage, the disease may require more complex treatment to prevent tooth loss.

Here is a step-by-step illustration of the progress of gingivitis and periodontitis:

1. Healthy gingival (gum tissue) and bone anchor the teeth firmly in place.

2. Gingivitis develops as toxins in plaque irritate the gums, making them red, tender, swollen and likely to bleed easily.

3. Periodontitis occurs when toxins destroy the tissues that anchor the teeth in the bone. Gums become detached from the teeth, forming pockets that fill with more plaque and become susceptible to decay and sensitive to cold and touch.

4. Advanced periodontitis is present when the teeth lose more attachment because the supporting bone is destroyed. Unless treated, the affected teeth frequently become loose and may fall out or require removal by a dentist.

DENTAL HYGIENE

Bad Breath
Anyone can be affected by bad breath, also called halitosis. And while bad breath can be embarrassing, the good news is that it's usually treatable.

There are many possible causes for bad breath; among them are tooth decay, periodontal (gum) disease, a condition called dry mouth (xerostomia), tobacco use, certain foods and illness; it can also be a side effect of some medications. If you think you have bad breath, please schedule an appointment with us so we can rule out tooth decay, periodontal (gum) disease, or a medical condition that should be treated by a physician.

Preventive Dental Care

• Regular Dental Visits
  By scheduling regular dental visits, you will gain important benefits for that smile! Professional teeth cleanings and oral exams are essential ingredients for maintaining good oral and general health.
  
  
• Brushing
  A clean mouth is important. It makes you feel good about yourself. It gives you fresh breath and a nicer-looking smile.
  
  Brushing and flossing remove a thin sticky film of bacteria (plaque) that grows on your teeth. Plaque is the main cause of tooth decay and gum disease.
  
  Brush Twice A Day Using A Fluoride Toothpaste.
  
  
• Flossing
  It only takes a few minutes each day to care of your teeth and gums.
  
  If you haven't been flossing, you may experience sore or bleeding gums the first few days. This generally stops, but if it doesn't, see your dentist. Bleeding gums may be a sign of gum disease.
  
  Brushing your teeth twice a day is important, but there are places between your teeth that trap bits of food and plaque, a sticky film of decay-causing bacteria. It's difficult, often impossible, for toothbrush bristles to do a good job cleaning these usually tight spaces between teeth. Dental floss is an "inter-dental cleaner" that can help keep these tooth surfaces clean and helps reduce the likelihood of tooth decay.
  
  Begin by choosing a brand of floss that displays the American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance. The Seal is your assurance that the product has met the ADA's criteria for safety and effectiveness. Your dental office may also recommend particular products for your oral health needs.

  1. Break off about 18 inches of floss. Wind most of it around one middle finger. Wind the remaining floss around the same finger on the other hand. This finger takes up the floss as it is used.	2. Hold the floss tightly between your thumbs and forefingers. Guide the floss between your teeth, using a gentle rubbing motion. To avoid injuring your gums, never snap the floss between the teeth.

  
  

  3. When the floss reaches the gum line, curve it into a "C" shape against on tooth. Gently slide it into the space between the gum and the tooth.	4. Hold the floss tightly against the tooth. Gently rub the side of the tooth, moving the floss away from the gum using an up-and-down motion.

  
  

  5. Repeat the method on the remaining teeth. And don't forget to floss the back of the last tooth. Rinse thoroughly to remove loosened plaque and debris.

  If you have difficulty handling floss, you may find it helpful to use a floss holder or other inter-dental cleaners, which include special picks, sticks or narrow brushes that reach between teeth.

Fluoride
The widespread use of fluoride to fight cavities has been the greatest breakthrough in the past fifty years of preventive dentistry. Fluoride can help prevent cavities by actually hardening the outer enamel layer of teeth, and it can even stop or slow down the growth of pre-existing cavities.

IMPLANTS

Today, dental implant treatment is the preferred method of tooth replacement. Dental implants replace missing tooth roots, helping to preserve the bone in the jaw and original shape of the face. They form a stable foundation for replacement teeth that look, feel and function like your natural teeth.

How does a dental implant work?
The first step in the treatment sequence is careful planning. Your doctor will take x-rays and make models of your mouth in order to determine the best plan of treatment for your situation.

The next step is placing the implant in the jaw using a gentle surgical procedure. Many patients report the having a dental implant placed is less traumatic than having a tooth removed. Healthy bone forms a strong bond to the implant after just 6-12 weeks, providing a solid foundation for attaching a replacement tooth (called a crown). Because ITI dental implants usually are not covered by the gum during this step, the gum tissue and bone reshape and heal around the implant at the same time. Therefore, unlike some dental implants, ITI implants typically do not require a second surgical procedure.

After the bone has bonded with the implant, the next step is to create the crown. In a few appointments, your dentist will attach a post (called an abutment) to the implant, take impressions of your teeth, and check for proper fit and color of the crown.

Who is a candidate for dental implants?
Thanks to recent advancements in implant techniques, many people with missing teeth qualify as a candidate for implant treatment. Some of the determining factors are:

• A sufficient amount of good quality bone
• Good oral hygiene
• Good general health

Before an implant is placed, your gums and existing teeth need to be healthy. Conscientious oral hygiene and regular check-ups with your dentist are important for long-term success.

Even if you've lost a significant amount of bone in your jaws, you may still qualify as a candidate for dental implants. Simple and predictable techniques are now available to help bone re-grow in your jaws before implants are placed. Speak with your dentist to determine if you are a candidate for dental implants.

Benefits of dental implants of other treatment options

• Helps to maintain the shape of the face
• Helps to preserve the bone in the jaws
• Removes the need to grind down healthy teeth for a bridge
• Can eliminate the pain of ill-fitting partials and dentures
• Makes replacement teeth stable for eating and smiling with confidence
• Is the closest possible replacement to natural teeth

Benefits of the ITI® Dental Implant System of the other systems

• Usually only one surgical procedure is necessary = increased patient comfort and fewer dental appointments
  
  Most other dental implant systems require more than one surgery.
  
• Fabrication of the replacement teeth can begin after just 6-12 weeks of healing = shorter treatment time
  
  Other systems require 12-24 weeks after implant placement before fabrication of replacement teeth can begin.
  
• Extensively documented for over 25 years = reliability of the system
• Clinically proven with excellent success rate = predictable results
• High standards of quality = a product you can trust

Front Tooth Single Replacement

Treatment options			Removable partial denture
	Implant supported crown		Tooth supported bridge
	Benefits of Implant Supported Crowns Helps to preserve bone by replacing tooth root Looks, feels and functions like a natural tooth Offers superior esthetics Does not damage adjacent teeth by grinding them down to secure a tooth supported bridge

Back Tooth Single Replacement

Treatment options			Tooth supported bridge
	Implant supported crown
	Benefits of Implant Supported Crowns Helps to preserve bone by replacing tooth root Looks, feels and functions like a natural tooth Does not damage adjacent teeth by grinding them down to secure a tooth supported bridge Strength to handle the chewing forces required by back teeth

Back Teeth Multiple Replacement

Treatment options			Removable partial denture
	Implant supported bridge
	Benefits of Implant Supported Bridges Helps to preserve bone by replacing tooth roots Looks, feels and functions like a natural teeth Does not damage adjacent teeth by using them as anchors for removable partial dentures Offers stability and comfort Improves ability to chew

Complete Lower Teeth Replacement

Treatment options
	Implant supported bridge	Implant supported overdenture
		Removable full denture
	Implant supported overdenture
	Benefits of Implant Supported Bridges and Overdentures Helps to maintain the shape of the face Helps to preserve the bone in the jaws Can eliminate the pain of ill-fitting dentures and the need for adhesives Offers stability and comfort Improves ability to chew

Complete Upper Teeth Replacement

Treatment options
	Implant supported bridge	Implant supported overdenture
		Removable full denture
	Implant supported overdenture
	Benefits of Implant Supported Bridges and Overdentures Helps to maintain the shape of the face Helps to preserve the bone in the jaws Can eliminate the pain of ill-fitting dentures and the need for adhesives Offers stability and comfort Improves ability to chew

RESTORATIVE

Crowns
All-Porcelain Crowns
A tooth-colored crown may be made of both porcelain and metal, or, thanks to newly available technology, it may be made entirely of porcelain.

Metal and Porcelain Crowns
In the past, porcelain crowns were always built upon a metal core. That was the only way they could have enough strength to withstand the tremendous biting forces that are exerted on all of your teeth. That metal core is what creates the dark blue line at the edge of many crowns.

The Benefits of All-Porcelain Crowns
Recent breakthroughs in adhesives, combined with the development of stronger porcelain materials, allow us to make crowns entirely out of porcelain. All-porcelain crowns maintain a translucency that makes them hard to tell from natural teeth. Without metal, the problem of a dark line at the edge of the gums is eliminated. This allows us to place the edge of the crown about the gum line, and that's healthier for your tooth and gums.

Veneers
A veneer is a thin shell of porcelain or plastic that is bonded to a tooth to improve its color and shape. A veneer generally covers only the front and top of a tooth. Veneers can be used to close spaces between teeth, lengthen small or misshapen teeth, or whiten stained or dark teeth. When teeth are chipped or beginning to wear, veneers can protect them from damage and restore their original appearance.
     - A translucent porcelain shell. >>

How Do We Restore Teeth with Veneers?
It takes two or more appointments to restore teeth with veneers. During the first appointment, we shape and roughen the teeth. We then take impression of your teeth, which we use to make precise working models of your mouth. It's on these models that we artistically craft veneers to fit the prepared teeth.
     - Minimal preparation. >>

During the second appointment we clean and polish the prepared teeth. Then we use an adhesive to bond the veneers to the teeth. A harmless, high-intensity light hardens the adhesive. Once in place, veneers virtually become part of the teeth. You can use them like you would your own teeth, because the bond is extremely strong. The final result is beautiful and natural looking teeth.

Bridges
All-Porcelain Bridges
A tooth-colored bridge may be made of both porcelain and metal, or, thanks to newly available technology, it may be made entirely of porcelain.

Metal-And-Porcelain Bridges
In the past, porcelain bridges were always built upon a metal core. That was the only way they could have enough strength to withstand the tremendous biting forces that are exerted on all of your teeth. That metal core is what creates the dark blue line at the edge of many bridges.

The Benefits of All-Porcelain Bridges
Recent breakthroughs in adhesives, combined with the development of stronger porcelain materials, allow us to make bridges entirely out of porcelain. All-porcelain bridges maintain a translucency that makes them hard to tell from natural teeth. Without metal, the problem of a dark line at the edge of the gums is eliminated. This allows us to place the edge of the bridge above the gum line, and that's healthier for your teeth and gums.

Inlay - Onlay
The size and shape of a porcelain inlay/onlay is similar to that of a filling; both fit snugly inside the cusps of a tooth to replace the decayed part we removed. The process of making a porcelain inlay, however, is more similar to making a crown, because both are crafted in a dental laboratory to precisely fit your tooth. That's why it takes two or more appointments to restore a tooth with a porcelain inlay/onlay.

Composites (White Fillings)
Until recently, silver amalgam was the material most often used to restore decayed portions of your teeth, especially back teeth. Unfortunately, silver filling can really darken a smile, and amalgam, by its very nature, can cause damage to your tooth in the long run.

Dental research has resulted in the development of new tooth-colored materials that are not only durable and long lasting, but attractive as well. These materials, porcelain and composite resin, provide and attractive, natural look while at the same time restoring strength and durability to your tooth.

ESTHETIC (COSMETIC) DENTISTRY

The goal of cosmetic dentistry is to transform an average smile into a terrific smile! To accomplish this goal, we analyze every aspect of a smile and then correct the problem.

Terrific smiles have several things in common:

All of these problems can be solved with cosmetic procedures, so even if you weren't born with a beautiful smile, you can still have one.

ROOT CANAL THERAPY

You probably are aware that if one of your teeth becomes injured or diseased, it can often be saved through a specialized dental procedure known as root canal (endodontic) treatment. What you might not realize, however, is the very important role that you play in helping to ensure this process is completed successfully. To help you understand the steps involved in endodontic treatment – and the importance of follow-up on your part at various stages ― we have answered some of the most frequently asked questions about endodontic treatment.

What is a root canal treatment?
Root canal treatment usually involves the removal of the tooth’s pulp, a small thread-like tissue that was important for tooth development. The pulp is the soft tissue that contains the blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue of a tooth. It lies in a canal that runs through the center of the dentin ― the hard tissue on the inside of the tooth that supports the outer layer of tooth enamel. The crown (the portion of the tooth visible above the gums) contains the pulp chamber. The pulp extends from this chamber down through the root canal to the tip of the root that lies in the bone of the jaws. Teeth have only one chamber but may have more that one root and several root canals.

Why might the dental pulp need to be removed?
If the pulp is diseased or injured and unable to repair itself, it looses its vitality. The most common causes of pulp death are a deep cavity, a crack, or traumatic injury to the tooth, all of which can allow bacteria and their products to leak into the pulp. If the injured or diseased pulp is not removed, the tissues surrounding the root of the tooth can become infected and an abscess can form, resulting in pain and swelling. Even if there is no pain, certain substances released by bacteria can damage the bone that anchors the tooth in the jaw. Without treatment, the tooth may have to be removed.

What does treatment involve?
Treatment involves one or more visits. There are several steps in the process of endodontic treatment that your general dentist or endodontist (a dentist who specializes in root canal treatment) will perform. At various stages, your follow-up will be needed to help ensure a successful outcome.

What are the steps in the process of saving the tooth?

• First, local anesthesia is usually given so that you will be more comfortable during treatment. Then, an opening is made through the crown of the tooth into the pulp chamber.
• The pulp or its remnants are then removed carefully from both the pulp chamber and root canal(s). The root canal(s) is cleaned and shaped to a form that can be filled.
• Medication may be put in the pulp chamber and root canals(s) to help eliminate bacteria.
• A temporary filling will be placed in the crown opening to prevent saliva from getting into the chamber and root canals. You might also be given antibiotics if infection is present and had spread beyond the end of the root(s). If your dentist has prescribed medication, use it only as directed. If you have any difficulties with the medication, call your dentist. It is also important to follow your dentist’s directions regarding the scheduling of your next dental appointment.
• During the next stage of treatment, the temporary filling is removed. The root canal(s) are filled with a bio-compatible material, usually gutta-percha, and then sealed.
• In the final step, a crown made of porcelain or metal alloy is usually placed over the tooth. The crown covers a tooth to restore it to its normal shape and size. Its purpose is to strengthen the tooth and improve its appearance. If an endodontist performs the root canal treatment, he or she will usually recommend that you return to your general dentist for the crown. Be sure to follow the recommendation from your general dentist or endodontist and schedule this final step as soon as possible.

How long will the restored tooth last?
As long as the root(s) of a treated tooth is nourished by the tissues around it, your tooth can remain healthy. However, the tooth could still become decayed, so good oral hygiene at home and regular dental exams are necessary to help prevent both tooth decay and periodontal (gum) disease.

An abscessed (infected) tooth caused by tooth decay.	The decay is removed and an opening is made through the crown of the tooth into the pulp chamber.	The pulp is removed, and the root canals are cleaned and shaped.

The pulp chamber and root canal are filled.	A metal or plastic rod or post may be placed in the root canal to support the restoration (crown).	The crown of the tooth is then restored.

TMJ DISORDERS

Many people who suffer from seemingly disparate symptoms as headaches, earaches, tenderness of the jaw joints or muscles, or dull aching facial pain often share a common problem. These people may suffer from a family of problems related to the jaw muscles and the jaw (temporomandibular, or "TM") joint. These problems are often referred to as TM disorders. The muscles and joints may not function properly, resulting in cycles of pain and spasm. The causes of some TM disorders are not well understood. Because of this, there are varying opinions about diagnosis and treatment of these conditions, some of which are discussed in this brochure.

How the Chewing Muscles and Jaw Joints Work
The structures that make it possible to open and close the mouth are very specialized and work together when you chew, speak, and swallow. These structures include muscles and ligaments, as well as the bones and discs which make up the TM joints.

The TM joint is one of the most complex joints in the body, especially because there are two of them working together. They are capable of making different types of movements, including combinations of hinge and gliding action.

Close-up of TM joint. The disc acts like a shock absorber between the ball (condyle) and socket (articular eminence).

A number of muscles allow you to open and close your mouth. They also control forward, backward and side-to-side movements of the lower jaw. Both joints also are involved in these movements. Each of these joints has a disc between the ball and the socket (see diagram). This disc cushions the load while enabling the jaw to open widely and to move in combinations of hinge and gliding movements. Any problem that prevents this complex system of muscles, ligaments, discs and bones form working properly may result in a TM disorder.

Causes of TM Disorders
When muscles and joints do not work properly, the muscles will often of into a spasm (cramp). This spasm can become part of a cycle that results in tissue damage, pain, muscle tenderness and more spasm.

While some causes of TM disorders may have clear-cut causes such as trauma, arthritis, or severe stress, most due to a combination of factors. Discs often slip forward in the joint, leading to problems such as clicking, popping, or even getting "stuck" for a moment. However, these often are minor problems, and in the absence of jaw pain they usually don't require treatment.

Oral habits such as clenching or grinding the teeth (bruxism) may develop as a response to stress, or part of a sleep disorder. You may not be aware of nighttime clenching or grinding, but you may catch yourself doing this during the day. These habits can tire the muscles and cause them to go into spasm. The spasm causes pain which in turn causes more spasm. In time, persistent muscle problems may affect the joints themselves, and a complex cycle of pain and improper function will be set up.

It is important to note that while many of the above factors are believed to cause TM disorders, the exact causes of the disorders are unknown and sometimes it is not possible to determine the causes of the symptoms.

Signs and Symptoms of TM Disorders
TM disorders have many signs and symptoms. Some of the most common ones include the following:

• Pain in or around the ear, sometimes spreading to the face.
• Tenderness of the jaw muscles.
• Clicking or popping noise when one opens or closes the mouth.
• Difficulty in opening one's mouth.
• Jaws that "get stuck," "lock," or "go out."
• Pain brought on by yawning, chewing or opening the mouth widely.
• Certain types of headaches and neck aches.

Your dentist can recommend a course of treatment by taking a complete history, conducting a clinical examination and by taking appropriate X-rays, or perhaps other diagnostic tests. To the extent that the causes of your TM disorder can be identified, proper diagnosis is an important step before treatment. It can save time and money by ensuring that you receive the treatment appropriate for your particular problem.

Treatment for Disorders
Treatments for TM disorders vary, based on your individual diagnosis. The dentist may recommend a treatment involving a series of phases. This step-by-step plan is in your best interest because only minor corrective treatment may be needed.

Part of the clinical examination includes checking the jaw area for tenderness, clicking, popping or difficulty in jaw movement.

If pain and other symptoms persist, a more involved treatment may be considered. Although the specific therapy recommended for you may not be described below, your dentist may not be described below, your dentist may consider the following:

• Trying to eliminate muscle spasm and pain by applying moist heat or prescribing medication such as muscle relaxants, analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Eliminating some of the harmful effects of clenching or grinding the teeth by wearing bite plates.
• Teaching relaxation techniques to help control muscle tension in the jaw. Your dentist may suggest training or counseling to help eliminate stress, tooth grinding or clenching.
• Finally, when the jaw joints are affected and other treatments have been unsuccessful, jaw joint surgery may be recommended.

Your dentist and other health professionals who provide treatment for TM disorders care about you health and comfort. Discuss your concerns openly with them. In many cases the pain, headaches and other symptoms associated with TM disorders can be successful and readily treated.

SENSITIVE TEETH

Sensitive teeth hurt with exposure to cold air, hot or cold food and beverages, or sweets. Sometimes it stops people from properly brushing and flossing their teeth. This can lead to more sensitivity, decay, infection, and even tooth and bone loss.

Treating sensitive teeth
To determine the cause of your tooth pain, we'll first make sure that the pain isn't caused by decay, a broken tooth, or abscess. Then we'll continue the exam to find out how the dentin has become exposed.

Proper home care is essential to taking care of sensitive teeth. We may recommend that you avoid high-acid and high-sugar foods, like tea, citrus, soda pop, and sports drinks, use a desensitizing toothpaste or mouthwash, use a soft-bristled toothbrush or electric toothbrush, or wear a night-guard if you clench or grind your teeth.

SEALANTS

A bright healthy smile can help you feel and look good throughout your life. The first step in maintaining a healthy mouth is preventing tooth decay, and sealants can offer major protection against cavities.

What causes tooth decay?
Your teeth are covered with sticky film of bacteria, called plaque. Plaque bacteria use sugar and starch food as a source of energy. The bacteria convert the sugar or starch into harmful acids that attack tooth enamel for as long as 20 minutes or more. Repeated attacks may cause the enamel to break down, resulting in cavities.

Why aren't sealants used on all teeth?
Thorough brushing and flossing help remove food particles and plaque from smooth surfaces of the teeth. Pits and fissures, however, are places that are extremely difficult to clean. Toothbrush bristles cannot reach all the way into the depressions and grooves to extract food and plaque. The normal flow of saliva, which helps clean food particles form other areas of the mouth, cannot "wash out" pits and fissures. So they are places that are especially prone to decay. In fact, most cavities form in pit and fissure areas, and permanent molars are extremely susceptible to this form of decay. Sealants protect these vulnerable areas by "sealing out" plaque and food.

Do sealants have any other benefits in addition to preventing decay?
Sealants can also stop small areas from becoming larger. Reliable clinical studies have confirmed that properly places sealants, if kept intact, will stop decay in the enamel.

Is sealant application a complicated procedure?
Sealants are easy for your dentist to apply, and it takes only a few minutes to seal each tooth. The teeth that will be sealed are cleaned. Then the chewing surfaces are conditioned to help the sealant adhere to the tooth. The sealant is then "painted" onto the tooth enamel, where it bonds directly to the tooth and hardens. Sometimes a special curing light is used to help the sealant harden.

How long do sealants last?
As long as the sealant remains intact, the tooth surface will be protected form decay. Sealants hold up well under the force of normal chewing and usually last several years before reapplication is needed. During your regular dental visits, your dentist will check the condition of the sealants and reapply them when necessary.

Sealants are just for kids, right?
The likelihood of developing pit and fissure decay begins early in life, so children and teenagers are obvious candidates. But adults can benefit from sealants as well.

What factors could make an adult a candidate for sealants?
The best way to determine the need for sealants is to evaluate the person's risk for pit and fissure decay, which continues throughout adulthood and varies from one person to another. Risk can also vary for the same person over time, because changes in personal habits, health status and medication use are known to increase risk of decay. Lack of access to fluorides and fluoridated water, a history of previous decay, and chronic xerostomia (dry mouth) are also factors your dentist will consider when evaluating you for sealants.

Chewing surface of a molar before sealant is applied.	Chewing surface of a molar protected by a shaded sealant.	Even a single toothbrush bristle is too large to reach inside the fissure (magnified).

PREGNANCY AND ORAL HEALTH

There are two common myths about pregnancy and teeth:

"You loose a tooth for every pregnancy you have."

"If you don't get enough calcium during your pregnancy, your body takes it from your teeth."

Neither one is true.
However, tooth decay and gum disease are still a concern during pregnancy. Here's what you should know…

If you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, now is the time to pay particular attention to your teeth and gums. That's because pregnancy - - and the changing hormone levels that occur with it - - can exaggerate some dental problems.

Taking good care of your mouth is important not just for your own sake, but also for the fetus. Some research suggests that serious gum disease, called periodontitis, is linked to premature birth and low birth weight.

Cavities
It's tooth decay ? not pregnancy ? that can cause tooth loss. Tooth decay results from repeated acid attacks on tooth enamel. The decay process begins with plaque, a sticky layer of harmful bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. The bacteria use sugar and starch, ingredients found in most foods and beverages, to produce damaging acids.

Each time teeth are exposed to sugar or starch, acids can attack the tooth enamel up to 20 minutes. If you snack on sugar-rich foods and beverages throughout the day, your teeth could be exposed to acid for long periods.

To help prevent tooth decay, brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste that displays the American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance. The seal means the ADA's criteria for safety and effectiveness.

Floss, or use another inter-dental cleaner, once a day to remove debris from between the teeth. If you need help controlling plaque, your dentist may recommend an anti-microbial mouth rinse.

Gingivitis
Plaque that remains on your teeth can irritate the gums, making them red, tender, and likely bleed. This condition is called gingivitis and can lead to more serious periodontal (gum) diseases affecting the gums and bone that anchor teeth in place.

Many women who previously had healthy teeth and gums, may notice that their gums become swollen, inflamed or bleed during pregnancy. This condition is sometimes called "pregnancy gingivitis." It may appear as early as the first trimester and is the result of changing hormone levels including increased amounts of progesterone.

An increase in hormones exaggerates the way gum tissues react to irritants in plaque. It's the plaque, however, not hormone levels, that is the major cause of gum disease.

You can prevent gingivitis by keeping your teeth clean, especially around the gum line Your dentist may recommend more frequent cleanings during your second or early third trimester to help control gingivitis. If you notice any changes in your mouth during pregnancy, see your dentist.

A Dental Checkup
If you are not yet pregnant, schedule a dental checkup. Have your teeth cleaned and schedule any necessary treatment. This can help reduce the risk of having a dental emergency during pregnancy.

If you are already pregnant or suspect that you might be, let your dental office know. Tell your dentist if there is any change in your health, any change in the medications you take or any particular advice your physician has provided. This information will help your dentist determine the best time for treatment and whether to modify your treatment plan to better suit your needs and the baby's health. Your dentist may also talk with your obstetrician to coordinate treatment plans.

Continue regular dental visits throughout your pregnancy. Non-emergency treatment generally can be performed safely during this time. However, you may be advised to avoid elective treatment during the first three months of the pregnancy. If you have a history of miscarriages, an evaluated risk to miscarry, or if you have some other medical condition, your dentist may recommend that treatment be postponed.

During the last months of pregnancy, it may be uncomfortable sitting in the dental chair for extended periods. If you have a history of premature delivery, you should avoid receiving treatment during this time. For your peace of mind and comfort, the fourth through sixths months of pregnancy are usually the best time for necessary dental treatment.

Drugs
Some drugs and anesthetics can be used during and after dental treatment to make you more comfortable. Inform your dentist of any prescription or over-the-counter drug you are taking. This will help your dentist determine what type of drug, if any, will be prescribed during or after treatment.

Your dentist can consult with your physician to determine the drugs ? such as painkillers or antibiotics ? you may safely take during the pregnancy and dental treatment. Discuss any concerns with your dentist and physician. Both are concerned about you and your unborn child.

X-rays
An x-ray may be needed for dental treatment or a dental emergency that can't wait until after the baby is born. Radiation from dental x-rays is extremely low. A leaded apron minimizes exposure to the abdomen.

Wise Food Choices
Strive for a nutritious, well – balanced diet. When you need a snack, choose foods that are nutritious for you and your baby.

What you eat during pregnancy affects the development of the fetus, including the teeth. A baby's teeth begin to develop between the third and six months of the pregnancy. A sufficient quantity of nutrients – especially vitamins A, C, and D, protein, calcium and phosphorous – are needed.

The calcium your baby needs is provided by your diet, not your teeth. If dietary calcium is inadequate, however, your body provides this mineral from stores in your bones.

Dairy products are the primary source of calcium. Your obstetrician may recommend calcium supplements as well.

Simple Steps for a Healthy Mouth

• Brush thoroughly with an ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste twice a day.
• Floss, or use another inter-dental cleaner, between your teeth once a day.
• Purchase products that have the ADA Seal of Acceptance.
• Eat a balanced diet. If you snack, do so in moderation.
• Schedule regular dental checkups and periodic professional teeth cleaning.

Tell Your Dentist

• If you have a high-risk pregnancy.
• The month of pregnancy you are in.
• Any changes in your oral health.
• If you are taking any medication.
• If you have noticed any swelling, redness, bleeding, sores or inflammation in your mouth.
• If you have noticed any loose teeth.

BABY CARE

Baby Bottle Tooth Decay
What you should know about… Baby Bottle Tooth Decay

Decay is preventable
As soon as a baby's first teeth appear ? usually by age six months or so ? the child is susceptible to decay. This condition is often referred to as Baby Bottle Tooth Decay or Early Childhood Caries (cavities). In some unfortunate cases, infants and toddlers have experienced severe tooth decay that has resulted in dental restoration and extractions. The good news is that decay is preventable.

What causes tooth decay?
A thin, sticky colorless film of bacteria called plaque covers the teeth. The bacteria produce acids that can attack tooth enamel. When sugary food and liquid remains in the mouth after eating, the bacteria have more time to produce decay-causing acid.

What is Baby Bottle Tooth Decay?
Baby bottle tooth decay is a condition that can destroy the primary teeth of an infant or young child. It occurs when the child's teeth are frequently exposed to sugary liquids for long periods. These liquids include milk (even breast milk), formula, fruit juice and other sweetened liquids.

Healthy Primary (baby) Teeth	Mild Decay
Moderate Decay	Severe Decay

They're just baby teeth, aren't they?
Humans, like most mammals, have two sets of teeth: primary (baby) and permanent (adult). Some people think that primary teeth are not important because they will eventually fall out to make room for adult teeth. On the contrary, primary teeth "hold" space in the jaw for the permanent teeth. They help the child chew, which is essential for a healthy diet. They help the child learn to pronounce words and give structure to the face.

By the time a child is born, 20 primary teeth usually have formed inside the gums. The front four teeth typically begin to appear when the baby is between age six months to one year. Most children have a set of 20 primary teeth by the time they are three years old.

Unfortunately, tooth decay can begin as soon as the teeth emerge. It is the baby's upper front teeth that are usually affected, but decay can damage other teeth, too.

Decay in the primary teeth can cause pain and can harm the erupting permanent teeth that are still growing inside the gums. Even though they're not visible until the child is about six years old, the permanent teeth begin to develop tooth enamel as early as three to four months after birth. Disease can spread to the hidden permanent teeth. And decay can be associated with general health problems in some children.

If primary teeth are lost to prematurely, the emerging adult teeth may shift, resulting in an irregular bite that could require additional treatment. If primary teeth are kept healthy until they're ready to fall out on their own, there is a better chance of the adult teeth erupting in normal alignment.

• What can I do to keep baby's teeth healthy?
  Babies rely on their parents or caregivers for good health. Take an active role in caring for the baby's teeth by cleaning them at home, providing a balanced diet and scheduling regular dental visits.
  
• Never allow a baby or toddler to fall asleep with a bottle that contains milk, formula, fruit juices, sweetened liquids or a pacifier dipped in sugar or honey. Even diluted sweet drinks can be damaging. Infants should finish their bedtime or nap-time bottle (or breastfeeding) before going to bed.
  
• Start oral care early. Wipe the baby's gums with a clean gauze pad after each feeding. Begin brushing your child's teeth with water as soon as the first tooth appears. If you are considering using fluoride toothpaste before the child's second birthday, ask your dentist or physician first. When choosing oral care products, look for those that display the American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance.
  
• To reduce the chances of tooth decay, children should be encouraged to drink from a cup by their first birthday.
  
• Talk to your dentist about scheduling the child's first visit. It's beneficial for the first visit to occur within six months of the eruption of the first tooth and no later than the baby's first birthday. Consider your child's first visit as a "healthy baby checkup" for his or her teeth.
  
• During the visit, your dentist can show you how to properly clean the child's teeth. Besides checking for tooth decay and other conditions like thumb sucking, your dentist can explain fluoride and the right amount that a child needs for healthy teeth. The dentist may also recommend oral care products for your family.
  
• In many cases, parents rely on others to care for the baby at least part of the time. Be sure to share information about preventing baby bottle tooth decay with caregivers. Keeping baby's smile healthy is a team effort.

Tips On Teething
Many parents wonder what to expect when their babies begin teething. Although newborns usually have no visible teeth, most have a partially developed set of primary (baby) teeth. Some teeth may appear as early as six months after birth. During the first few years of life, all 20 of the primary teeth will erupt through the gums.

As their teeth erupt, some babies become fussy, sleepless or irritable. Loss of appetite or drooling more than usual also can be signs of teething. Although teething was once thought to be responsible for fevers, diarrhea and rashes, doctors today generally agree that teething by itself does not produce such disorders. If your child continues to be cranky and uncomfortable or shows signs of fever while teething, call your physician.

The Teething Cycle
A baby's four front teeth (the incisors) usually are the first to appear. Some babies experience sore or tender gums as teeth begin to erupt. To comfort a teething child, gently massage the gums with: (1) a clean finger; (2) a small, chilled spoon; or (3) a clean, moist gauze pad. Your dentist or pediatrician may recommend a pacifier, teething ring or a special "numbing" salve for the gums.

As a tooth erupts, a watery sac called an eruption cyst may develop. The tooth will eventually rupture the sac as it pushes through the gums. Eruption cysts usually are harmless and should be left alone. The chewing edge of the incisors may have three small bumps, called mamelons, which normally wear off with use.

Start with no toothpaste; after age two, use a pea-sized amount
When the child's teeth begin to erupt, brush them with a soft-bristled toothbrush and little water to help prevent tooth decay. Toothpaste is not recommended until the child reaches age two. At that time, only a pea-sized amount of toothpaste is needed. Continue to brush your child's teeth until good habits and brushing dexterity are established. After that, supervise your child's brushing to make sure it is thorough.

Because children age six or younger do not have a fully developed swallowing reflex, make certain they don't swallow the toothpaste. The American Dental Association recommends that consumers look for oral hygiene products that display the ADA's Seal of Acceptance, a symbol of safety and effectiveness.

Most children have their full set of primary teeth in place by age three. The jaws grow steadily to make room for the 32 permanent (adult) teeth, the first of which begins to appear about age six or seven. The primary teeth are "shed" as the permanent teeth under them erupt. The last of the permanent teeth generally appear between ages 17 and 21.

First birthday is dental check-up time
Take your child to see the dentist by his or her first birthday, even though this may seem early. The dentist can demonstrate how to properly clean the child's teeth, discuss how to prevent baby bottle tooth decay, and review the proper amount of fluoride needed for healthy teeth. The first dental exam also allow the dentist to spot growth and development defects that generally are easier to correct at an early age. Regular dental visits and good oral care at home truly will give your baby something to smile about.

Thumb Sucking, Finger Sucking And Pacifier Use
Like many parents, you may be concerned about your child's Thumb-sucking, finger sucking or pacifier use. You may wonder if it is harmful, at what age it should stop, or what could happen if your child does not stop. This brochure provides information that can help you put your concerns in perspective and answer some of your questions.

Why do children suck on things?
Sucking is one of a baby's natural reflexes. In fact, babies begin to suck on their fingers or thumbs even before they are born. As newborns get older, sucking serves many purposes. Infants and young children may suck on thumbs, fingers, pacifiers or other objects. It makes them feel secure and happy, and helps them learn about their world.

Young children also may suck to soothe themselves. Placing a finger or thumb in their mouth provides a sense of security at difficult periods, such as being separated from their parents. Since Thumb-sucking is relaxing, it may also help induce sleep. For this reason, young children often suck in the evenings or at other times when they are tired.

Can problems result from prolonged thumb and finger sucking?
Yes, but not until the permanent front teeth come in (beginning about age six). After that, sucking may cause problems with the proper growth of the mouth and alignment of the teeth. It can also cause changes in the roof of the mouth.

The intensity of the sucking is a factor that determines whether or not dental problems may result. Children who rest their thumbs passively in their mouths are less likely to have difficulty than those who vigorously suck their thumbs. When the thumb is removed from the active thumb-suckers, a "popping" sound often is heard. Some aggressive thumb-suckers may cause problems with their baby (primary) teeth. If you notice changes in your child's primary teeth, consult your child's dentist.

Is sucking a pacifier less harmful?
Pacifiers can affect the teeth essentially the same way as sucking fingers and thumbs. However, pacifier use is often an easier habit to break.

If you offer your baby a pacifier, use a clean one. Never dip a pacifier in sugar or honey before giving it to a baby.

When should Thumb-sucking stop?
Most children stop on their own between the ages of two and four years old. Sucking gradually lessens during this period, as children spend more time of their waking hours exploring their surroundings. Peer pressure also causes many school-aged children to stop.

If a child does not stop on his or her own, the habit should be discouraged after age four.

How can I help my child break the habit?
Excessive pressure can do more harm than good. Here are a few tips to consider:

• Instead of scolding your child for sucking, offer praise for not sucking.
• Remember that children often suck their thumbs when feeling insecure or seeking comfort. Focus on correcting the cause of the anxiety and comfort your child.
• Reward your child when he or she avoids sucking during difficult periods, such as being separated from you.
• Your child's dentist can encourage children to stop sucking and explain what could happen to their teeth if they do not stop.

If these approaches do not work, remind the child of the habit by bandaging the thumb or putting a sock over the hand at night. If the sucking persists, talk to your child's dentist or pediatrician. The use of a mouth appliance or a medication to coat the thumb may be prescribed to prevent the sucking.

Your Child's First Visit To The Dentist
Healthy teeth and gums are essential for a healthy body. From their first baby teeth, you can help your children enjoy a lifetime of good oral health with proper care at home, a balanced diet and regular dental visits.

Your child's primary (baby) teeth are important.
Strong, healthy primary teeth aid children in chewing their food and pronouncing words properly. And primary teeth hold space in the mouth for permanent (adult) teeth.

By the time a child is born, 20 primary teeth usually have formed inside the gums. The front four teeth typically begin to appear when the baby is between six months and one year. Most children have their set of 20 primary teeth by the time they are three years old.

Unfortunately, tooth decay can occur as soon as the teeth appear. It's very important to prevent this from happening because decay in primary teeth may damage the hidden permanent teeth.

Healthy Primary (baby) Teeth	Mild Decay

A few ingredients are all that are needed to create the right conditions for tooth decay. The first is plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth. When sugar and starch from food or drinks combine with plaque, an acid is produced that attacks tooth enamel. Repeated acid attacks can break down enamel and may eventually cause a cavity.

Meet the Dentist
You can help prevent tooth decay by starting your child's dental checkups at an early age. It's beneficial for the first dental visit to occur within six months of eruption of the first tooth and no later than the child's first birthday. Consider your child's first visit as a "well baby checkup" of his or her first teeth.

During the visit, the dentist can show you how to properly clean your child's teeth, discuss fluoride needs, and recommend oral care products. The dentist will check for problems, such as baby bottle tooth decay, and can evaluate and adverse habits such as Thumb-sucking

If you have a toddler who had not had a dental checkup, explain to the child that the dentist is a friendly doctor who helps take care of teeth. Talk about the visit in a positive, matter-of-fact way, as you would about any important new experience. A visit to the dentist can be a pleasant experience for your child.

For toddlers, the dentist gently examines their teeth and gums, checking for decay and other problems. If necessary, the child's teeth are cleaned, or a follow-up appointment may be scheduled.

Many dentists prefer to see young patients in the morning when children are rested and cooperative. Morning appointments are less likely to conflict with mealtimes or naps. Because you are most familiar with your child's habits, you can schedule a time that is comfortable and convenient for both of you.

Children's oral health needs differ and your dentist is best able to recommend a schedule of dental checkups. The frequency of dental examinations depends partly on children's eating habits; how clean their teeth are kept; whether they drink fluoridated water; and other factors that can affect their overall susceptibility to dental disease.

Preventive dental care like fluoride treatments and sealants ? a barrier that protects the chewing surfaces of the back teeth ? can save time, money and teeth.

Tips for Positive Dental Visits

• Don't let anyone tell your child scary stories about dental visits.
• Don't let the child know if you feel any anxiety about going to the dentist.
• Don't bribe your child to go to the appointment.
• Never use a dental visit as a punishment or threat.
• Do try to make your child's dental visit an enjoyable outing.
• Set a good example by brushing your own teeth twice a day, cleaning between your teeth daily, eating a balanced diet, and visiting the dentist regularly.

MOUTH GUARDS

It's easy to take some things for granted until they're suddenly gone. Have you ever thought about how it would feel if you lost one or two of your front teeth?

You'd probably avoid smiling. It would be uncomfortable talking with someone face-to-face. It wouldn't be easy pronouncing certain words. And how about eating an apple?

Thousands of teens each year get hurt on the playing field, the basketball court, or while skateboarding, biking or during other activities. Blows to the face in nearly every sport can injure your teeth, lips, cheeks and tongue.

A properly fitted mouth guard, or mouth protector, is an important piece of athletic gear that can protect your teeth and smile. You may have seen them used in contact sports, such as football, boxing, ice hockey, lacrosse and women's field hockey.

You don't have to be on the football field, however, to benefit from a mouth guard. New findings in sports dentistry show that even in non-contact sports, such as gymnastics, mouth guards help protect teeth. Many experts recommend that a mouth guard. be worn for any recreational activity that poses a risk of injury to the mouth.

Three Types of Mouth guards

The ready-made, or stock, mouth guard	The mouth-formed 'boil and bite' mouth guard	The custom-made mouth guard made by your dentist

All three mouth guards provide protection, but vary in comfort and cost.

The most effective mouth guard. should have several features. It should be resilient, tear-resistant and comfortable. It should fit properly, be durable and easy to clean, and not restrict your speech or breathing.

Generally, a mouth guard. covers only the upper teeth but in some cases the dentist will instead make a mouth guard. for the lower teeth. Your dentist can suggest the right mouth guard. for you.

If you have a mouth guard., take good care of it.

• Before and after each use, rinse it with cold water or with an antiseptic mouth rinse. YOu can clean it with toothpaste and a toothbrush, too.
• When it's not used, place your mouth guard. in a firm, perforated container. This permits air circulation and helps prevent damage.
• Avoid high temperatures, such as hot water, hot surfaces or direct sunlight, which can distort the mouth guard.
• Check it for tears, holes and to see whether it has become loose. A mouth guard. that's torn or in bad shape can irritate your mouth and lessen the amount of protection it provides.
• Have regular dental checkups and bring your mouth guard. along so the dentist can make sure it's still in good condition.

If you participate in any of these activities and are not using a mouth guard., talk to your dentist about getting one before it's too late.

• Acrobatics
• Bandi
• Baseball
• Basketball
• Bicycling
• Boxing
• Equestrian Events
• Field Events
• Field Hockey
• Football
• Gymnastics
• Handball
• Ice Hockey
• Inline Skating
• Lacrosse
• Martial Arts
• Racquetball
• Rugby
• Shotputting
• Skateboarding
• Skiing
• Skydiving
• Soccer
• Softball
• Squash
• Surfing
• Volleyball
• Water Polo
• Weightlifting
• Wrestling

DIAGNODENT

Sometimes, it's difficult for us to diagnose cavities, especially in the pits and grooves on the biting surfaces of your back teeth. The traditional way to check for cavities was by looking for visual signs of decay on the tooth, checking X-rays, or feeling for a soft area with a dental explorer. However, we now have a diagnostic tool call the Diagnodent that helps us locate even the smallest amount of decay.

Diagnodent is a laser technology that scans your teeth with harmless pulses of light. When a cavity is present, fluorescent light of a different wavelength bounces back to the sensor, which is translated to a digital read-out. In general, the higher the number, the greater the amount of decay in the tooth. When a cavity is present, the Diagnodent also produces an audible signal.

QUITTING SMOKING

Need reasons to avoid tobacco?

Consider these tobacco-related oral conditions:

• Bad breath
• Stained teeth and tongue
• Diminished sense of taste on the teeth
• Build-up of tarter on the teeth
• Periodontal (gum) disease ? a leading cause of sensitivity to hot and cold, and of tooth loss
• Delayed healing in the mouth
• Difficulties in correcting cosmetic dental problems
• Fewer options for some kinds of dental care, such as implants
• Oral cancer

If you use tobacco in any form, think seriously about quitting. (Don't be fooled into thinking smokeless tobacco is somehow "safe" ? it is not)! Ask your dentist if you have questions or need help.

IF YOU DON'T USE TOBACCO, DON'T START.

Sores, receding gums and tobacco stains often result from using smokeless tobacco.

Gums that have receded leave the roots of teeth exposed and more likely to become decayed or sensitive to extreme temperature changes.